Hepatitis B chronic infection among pregnant women attending the antenatal care in Bor State Referral Hospital, South Sudan

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem affecting 400 million people worldwide, and is a common cause of chronic liver failure (cirrhosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sixty-eight percent of infected people are from the African and Pacific regions. Vertical transmission from mother to newborn baby is one of the mechanisms by which chronic hepatitis virus infection spreads, besides infections from contaminated needles and syringes and sexual contact. Hepatitis B chronic infection is endemic in many poor countries, especially in Africa. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and August 2021. Pregnant women attending the antenatal care (ANC) in Bor State referral hospital, South Sudan, were interviewed to collect information on their socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for hepatitis B infection. The objective was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B chronic infection through blood testing. Prevalence ratios for certain risk factors were calculated. Results: Two hundred pregnant women were enrolled. The Prevalence Rate for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, diagnosed using the rapid immune-chromatographic assay for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was 8.5%. (95% CI; 4.7% - 12.3%). None of the suspected risk factors studied were found to be significantly associated with testing positive for HBV, except for a history of previous jaundice. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV chronic infection among pregnant women in Bor, Jonglei State, is high hence there is a need for established public health interventions that can lead to a reduction of HBV vertical transmission. Treatment of pregnant women with HBV chronic infection using anti-viral medications during pregnancy might curb the vertical transmission rates.

A Two Years Retrospective Study on Epidemiology Characteristics of Sexually Transmitted Infections From Malaysian Private Healthcare Perspective

@#Introduction: Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) are major public health concerns reaching an all-time high, globally. In Malaysia data on the prevalence of STIs remains scarce which limits the understanding of STI transmission dynamics and the role of interventions in the control of STIs. The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiology characteristics of STIs mainly from Malaysian private healthcare institutions. Method: A two years (2016 and 2017) retrospective review was conducted on 160 multiplex RT-PCR STI reports from KPJ hospitals, Malaysia. Results: There were 65 (40.6 %) patients positive STIs [male: 21/65 (32.3 %); female: 44/65 (67.7 %)]. The STIs was prevalent among young adults (56/65; 86.2 %) from the central region (46/65; 70.8 %). Females had 1.7 times greater risk to develop STI (20 per 100) and two times higher chance to have multiple STIs (10 per 100) in comparison to male. The single STIs was caused mainly by U. parvum (N=17). In males, U. urealyticum (N=3) and C. trachomatis (N=3) were prevalent, while U. parvum (N=15) was prevalent in females. There were 19 dual infections of STIs which were commonly caused by U. parvum and M. hominis (N=5). There were seven STIs cases caused by three pathogens concurrently including U. urealyticum, U. parvum and C. trachomatis (N=2) and U. urealyticum, M. genitalium and C. trachomatis (N=2). Females from urban communities have higher risk in comparison to males for developing multiple STIs. Conclusion: This study provides an imperative platform for temporal trends of STIs in Malaysia which reflects the health status of certain populations that warrant immediate public health interventions.

Ocorrência de distúrbio musculoesquelético em pescadoras artesanais/ marisqueiras na Baía de Todos os Santos: uma análise sobre horas dedicadas ao trabalho / Occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in artisanal /shellfish fisherwomen in Baía de Todos os Santos: an analysis of hours dedicated to work

Introdução: os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos são caracterizados por comprometimentos inflamatórios e/ou degenerativos, em diversos segmentos corporais, e atingem diversos grupos de trabalhadores, no entanto, ainda existem poucas evidências científicas que verificam possíveis relações desses distúrbios e horas de trabalho diárias dos pescadores artesanais. Objetivo: analisar as horas diárias dedicadas ao trabalho de pescadora e a prevalência de distúrbio musculoesquelético em regiões de membros superiores (ombro) e pescoço. Metodologia: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, envolvendo amostra probabilística da população de pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras do município de Saubara, totalizando 209 pessoas. Utilizaram-se instrumentos validados para população brasileira, tais como: o Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Job Content Questionnaire e Demandas físicas adaptadas para o trabalho. Resultados: evidenciou-se a prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em região de pescoço ou ombro, em 71,2% (n=146) das marisqueiras. Ressalta-se que não houve interação entre as variáveis horas trabalhadas/dia e idade, com o p-valor = 0,1807. Verificaram-se associações positivas entre as marisqueiras que trabalhavam mais que 11h por dia com razão de prevalência de 1,23 e intervalo de confiança 95%: [1,04; 1,45] em relação às que trabalhavam menos que 11h, bem como a razão de prevalência de 1,38 e intervalo de confiança 95%: [1,15; 1,65] nas pescadoras com idade superior a 38 em comparação com as mais jovens. Desta forma denotando a degradação da saúde com a carga exaustiva de trabalho.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders are characterized by inflammatory and/or degenerative impairments in several body segments and reach different groups of workers; however, there is still little scientific evidence to verify the possible relationships between MSD and daily working hours of artisanal fishermen. Objective: to analyze the daily hours dedicated to work as a fisherwoman and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in regions of upper limbs (shoulder) and neck. Methodology: a cross-sectional study was carried out involving a probabilistic sample of the population of artisanal/shellfish fisherwomen in the municipality of Saubara, for a total of 209 individuals. Validated instruments were used for the Brazilian population, such as: the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, the Job Content Questionnaire and the Physical Demands adapted to this work. Results: the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck or shoulder region was found in 71.2% (n = 146) of shell fisherwomen. It should come to attention that there was no interaction between the variables worked hours/day and age, with p-value = 0.1807. There were positive associations among the shellfish workers that worked more than 11h with the prevalence ratio of 1.23 and 95% confidence interval: [1.04; 1.45] than those who worked less than 11 hours, as well as the prevalence ratio of 1.38 and 95% confidence interval: [1.15; 1.65] in fisherwoman aged over 38 compared to younger ones. Thus denoting health degradation with an exhaustive workload.

Prevalência e fatores associados à automedicação em adultos no Distrito Federal: estudo transversal de base populacional / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la automedicación en adultos en el Distrito Federal, Brasil: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil: a cross-sectional, population-based study

OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência e investigar fatores associados à automedicação em adultos no Distrito Federal, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal de base populacional, com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística; a prevalência da automedicação foi obtida entre os que referiram ter utilizado medicamento nos últimos sete dias; foi empregado modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência. RESULTADOS: entrevistaram-se 1.820 pessoas, das quais 646 usaram pelo menos um medicamento; a prevalência da automedicação foi de 14,9% (IC95%: 12,6%;17,5%); a análise ajustada apontou associação negativa em pessoas na idade de 50 a 65 anos (RP=0,26; IC95%: 0,15;0,47) e com doenças crônicas (RP=0,38; IC95%: 0,28;0,51); adultos com dificuldades na prática de atividades cotidianas (RP=2,25; IC95%: 1,43;3,53) realizaram mais automedicação. CONCLUSÃO: a automedicação foi maior em adultos jovens e naqueles com dificuldades na realização de atividades cotidianas.

OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia de la automedicación e investigar los factores asociados en adultos del Distrito Federal, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal de base poblacional en adultos seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico; para obtener la prevalencia de automedicación se consideró el uso de medicamentos en los últimos siete días; las razones de prevalencia se definieron por medio de un modelo de regresión de Poisson ajustado con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: se entrevistaron 1.820 personas, de las cuales 646 han usado al menos un medicamento; la prevalencia de automedicación fue de 14,9% (IC95%: 12,6%;17,5%); el análisis ajustado mostró una asociación negativa en personas de 50 a 65 años (RP=0,26 - IC95%: 0,15;0,47) y enfermedades crónicas (RP=0,38 - IC95%: 0,28;0,51); los adultos con problemas en la práctica de actividades cotidianas (RP=2,25 - IC95%: 1,43;3,53) se auto medicaron más. CONCLUSIÓN: automedicación se asoció con los adultos jóvenes y los que tienen problemas para realizar las actividades diarias.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the prevalence of self-medication and to investigate its associated factors in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with adults selected through probabilistic sampling; self-medication prevalence was obtained from those who reported having used any medicine in the previous seven days; Poisson regression model with robust variance was applied to adjust the prevalence ratios. RESULTS: 1,820 individuals were interviewed, of which 646 had taken at least one medicine; self-medication prevalence was of 14.9% (95%CI: 12.6%;17.5%); the adjusted analysis showed negative association in people aged 50 to 65 years (PR=0.26; 95%CI: 0.15;0.47) and with chronic diseases (PR=0.38; 95%CI: 0.28;0.51); adults with difficulties in performing daily activities (PR=2.25; 95%CI: 1.43;3.53) practiced more self-medication. CONCLUSION: self-medication was associated to young adults and those with problems in performing daily activities.

Evaluation of estimation of prevalence ratio using bayesian log-binomial regression model / 中华流行病学杂志

To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.

Evaluation of estimation of prevalence ratio using bayesian log-binomial regression model / 中华流行病学杂志

To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.

Regresiones aplicadas al estudio de eventos discretos en epidemiología / Regressions applied to the study of discrete events in epidemiology

En este manuscrito se revisan algunos aspectos básicos de la utilización de regresiones en los estudios epidemiológicos, haciendo énfasis en aquellas aplicadas al estudio de eventos discretos. De esta manera se hace una introducción a los modelos lineales generalizados, cuya estructura es una extensión de una ecuación lineal para analizar desenlaces discretos. De este modo podemos estimar medidas de asociación como la razón de tasas usando la regresión de Poisson, o bien, el riesgo relativo (o la razón de prevalencias) usando la regresión log-binomial. En cada caso es esencial conocer la naturaleza de la variable dependiente, su distribución y reconocer las limitaciones de cada una de las herramientas de análisis.

Some basic aspects about using regressions in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Particularly, this manuscript focused on those applied to the study of discrete events. Generalized lineal models, such as Poisson and log-binomial, have a structure that is an extension of a lineal equation to analyze discrete outcomes. Thus, we can estimate association measures as the incidence rate ratio, using the Poisson regression, or the relative risk (or prevalence ratio), using log-binomial regression. In each case it is essential to know the nature of the dependent variable, as well as, its distribution and recognize the limitations of each analysis tool.

Obtaining adjusted prevalence ratios from logistic regression models in cross-sectional studies / Obtendo razões de chance prevalentes de modelos de regressão logística em estudos transversais / La obtención de las prevalencias ajustadas a partir de los modelos de regresión logística en los estudios transversales

In the last decades, the use of the epidemiological prevalence ratio (PR) instead of the odds ratio has been debated as a measure of association in cross-sectional studies. This article addresses the main difficulties in the use of statistical models for the calculation of PR: convergence problems, availability of tools and inappropriate assumptions. We implement the direct approach to estimate the PR from binary regression models based on two methods proposed by Wilcosky & Chambless and compare with different methods. We used three examples and compared the crude and adjusted estimate of PR, with the estimates obtained by use of log-binomial, Poisson regression and the prevalence odds ratio (POR). PRs obtained from the direct approach resulted in values close enough to those obtained by log-binomial and Poisson, while the POR overestimated the PR. The model implemented here showed the following advantages: no numerical instability; assumes adequate probability distribution and, is available through the R statistical package.

Nas últimas décadas, tem sido discutido o uso da razão de prevalência (RP) ao invés da razão de chance como a medida de associação a ser estimada em estudos transversais. Discute-se as principais dificuldades no uso de modelos estatísticos para o cálculo da RP: problemas de convergência, disponibilidade de ferramentas e pressupostos não apropriados. O objetivo deste estudo é implementar uma abordagem direta para estimar a RP com base em modelos logísticos binários baseados em dois métodos propostos por Wilcosky & Chamblers, e comparar com outros métodos. Utilizou-se três exemplos e comparou-se as estimativas bruta e ajustada da RP obtidas pela função com as estimativas obtidas pelos modelos log-binomial, Poisson e razão de chance prevalente (RCP). As RP da abordagem proposta resultaram em valores próximos aos obtidos pelos modelos log-binomial e Poisson, e a RCP superestimou a RP. O modelo aqui implementado apresentou as seguintes vantagens: não apresenta instabilidade numérica; assume a distribuição de probabilidades adequada; e está disponível no programa estatístico R.

En las últimas décadas, se ha discutido el uso de la razón de prevalencia (RP), en lugar del odds ratio como medida de asociación que se estima en estudios transversales. Se analizan las principales dificultades en el uso de modelos estadísticos para el cálculo de la RP: problemas de convergencia, disponibilidad de herramientas y supuestos no apropiados. El objetivo es realizar un enfoque directo para estimar la RP desde modelos logísticos binarios, basados en dos métodos propuestos por Wilcosky y Chamblers y compararlos con otros métodos. Se han utilizado 3 ejemplos y comparamos las estimaciones crudas y ajustadas de RP con las estimaciones obtenidas por log-binomial, Poisson y odds ratio de prevalencia (ORP). Los RP obtenidos del enfoque directo dieron como resultado valores cercanos a los obtenidos mediante el log- binomial y de Poisson, mientras que la RCP sobreestimó la RP. El modelo que aquí se presenta implementó las siguientes ventajas: no presenta inestabilidad numérica, toma una distribución de probabilidad apropiada y está disponible en software estadístico libre R.

Prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of women with induced abortion in a population sample of São Paulo, Brazil / Prevalência e características sociodemográficas de mulheres com aborto provocado em uma amostra da população da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Objectives: This study aims at estimating the prevalence of women with induced abortion among women of childbearing age (15-49 years) who had any previous pregnancy, in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the last quarter of 2008, and identifying the sociodemographic characteristics (SC) associated with it. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out. The dependent variable was dichotomized as: no abortion and induced abortion. The independent variables were: age, paid work/activity, familial monthly income, schooling, marital status, contraceptive use and number of live births. Statistical analysis was performed using log-binomial regression models with approximation of Poisson to estimate the prevalance ratios (PR). Results: Of all women with any previous pregnancy (n = 683), 4.5% (n = 31) reported induced abortion. The final multivariate model showed that having now between 40 and 44 years (PR = 2.76, p = 0.0043), being single (PR = 2.79, p = 0.0159), having 5 or more live births (PR = 3.97, p = 0.0013), current oral contraception or IUD use (PR = 2.70, p = 0.454) and using a "non effective" (or of low efficacy) contraceptive method (PR = 4.18, p = 0.0009) were sociodemographic characteristics associated with induced abortion in this population. Conclusions: Induced abortion seems to be used to limit fertility, more precisely after having reached the desired number of children. The inadequate use or non-use of effective contraceptive methods, and / or the use of contraceptives " non effective", exposed also the women to the risk of unintended pregnancies and, therefore, induced abortions. In addition, when faced with a pregnancy, single women were more likely to have an abortion than married women. .

Objetivos: O presente estudo busca estimar a prevalência de mulheres com aborto provocado dentre as mulheres em idade fértil (15 a 49 anos de idade) que apresentaram alguma gestação prévia, residentes na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, no último trimestre de 2008, bem como identificar essa ocorrência em função de algumas características sociodemográficas (CSD). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. A variável dependente aborto foi dicotomizada em: aborto provocado (AP) e nenhum aborto (NA). As variáveis independentes utilizadas foram: idade, atividade remunerada, renda mensal familiar, escolaridade, estado conjugal, uso de método(s) contraceptivo(s) e número de filhos nascidos vivos. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de modelos de regressão log-binomial com aproximação de Poisson para avaliar as razões de prevalência (RP). Resultados: Dentre o total de mulheres com alguma gestação prévia (n = 683), 4,5% (n = 31) declararam algum AP. O modelo log-binomial final mostrou que idade atual entre 40 e 44 anos de idade (RP = 2,76; p = 0,0043), estado conjugal solteira (RP = 2,79; p = 0,0159), número de filhos nascidos vivos igual ou maior que 5 (RP = 3,97; p = 0,0013, uso de contraceptivo "não eficaz" ou de baixa eficácia (RP = 4,18; p = 0,0009) e uso atual de contraceptivo oral ou dispositivo intrauterino (RP = 2,70; p = 0,454) foram as características que se apresentaram mais fortemente associadas à ocorrência de AP entre as mulheres dessa população. Conclusões: O aborto provocado é utilizado para limitar a fecundidade, mais precisamente após atingir-se o número desejado de filhos. O uso inadequado, ou o não-uso, de contraceptivos eficazes e/ou a utilização de contraceptivos não eficazes, ou de baixa eficácia, ...

Bias of using odds ratio estimates in multinomial logistic regressions to estimate relative risk or prevalence ratio and alternatives / Vies da razao de chances estimada pela regressao logistica multinomial para estimar o risco relativo ou a razao de prevalencia e alternativas / El sesgo del odds ratio estimado por la regresión logística multinomial para estimar el riesgo relativo o la razón de prevalencia y alternativas

Recent studies have emphasized that there is no justification for using the odds ratio (OR) as an approximation of the relative risk (RR) or prevalence ratio (PR). Erroneous interpretations of the OR as RR or PR must be avoided, as several studies have shown that the OR is not a good approximation for these measures when the outcome is common (> 10%). For multinomial outcomes it is usual to use the multinomial logistic regression. In this context, there are no studies showing the impact of the approximation of the OR in the estimates of RR or PR. This study aimed to present and discuss alternative methods to multinomial logistic regression based upon robust Poisson regression and the log-binomial model. The approaches were compared by simulating various possible scenarios. The results showed that the proposed models have more precise and accurate estimates for the RR or PR than the multinomial logistic regression, as in the case of the binary outcome. Thus also for multinomial outcomes the OR must not be used as an approximation of the RR or PR, since this may lead to incorrect conclusions.

Recentes trabalhos têm enfatizado que já não há justificativa para o uso da razão de chances (RC) como aproximação do risco relativo (RR) ou razão de prevalência (RP). Deve-se evitar a interpretação equivocada da RC como RR ou RP, pois vários estudos demonstraram que a RC não é uma boa aproximação para tais medidas quando o desfecho é comum (> 10%). Para desfechos multinomiais é usual aplicar a regressão logística multinomial. Nesse contexto, não há estudos demonstrando o impacto da aproximação da RC nas estimativas de RR ou RP. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar e discutir métodos alternativos à regressão logística multinomial, baseados na regressão de Poisson e no modelo log-binomial. As abordagens foram comparadas por um estudo de simulação com diversos cenários. Assim como no caso do desfecho binário, os modelos propostos apresentaram estimativas mais precisas e acuradas para o RR ou RP do que a regressão logística multinomial. Então, também para os desfechos multinomiais não se deve utilizar a RC como aproximação do RR ou RP, pois conclusões incorretas podem ocorrer.

Los trabajos recientes han enfatizado que ya no se justifica el uso del odds ratio (OR) como una aproximación del riesgo relativo (RR) o razón de prevalencias (RP). El OR no puede ser interpretado como RR o RP, pues varios estudios han demostrado que el OR no es una buena aproximación cuando el suceso es común (> 10%). Para sucesos multinomiales se utiliza comúnmente la regresión logística multinomial. En este contexto, no hay estudios que demuestren el impacto de la aproximación del OR en las estimaciones de RR o RP. Nuestro objetivo es presentar y discutir métodos alternativos a la regresión logística multinomial, en base a la regresión de Poisson y al modelo log-binomial. Los enfoques utilizados fueron comparados en un estudio de simulación con diferentes escenarios. Así como en el caso de suceso binario, los modelos propuestos dieron como resultado estimaciones para RR o RP más precisas y esmeradas que la regresión logística multinomial. Para sucesos multinomiales el OR tampoco debe ser utilizado como aproximación del RR o de la RP, pues se puede llegar a conclusiones incorrectas.

Factores asociados con no control metabólico en diabéticos pertenecientes a un programa de riesgo cardiovascular / Factors associated with no metabolic control in diabetics belonging to a program of cardiovascular risk

Antecedentes: se desconoce la prevalencia de la falla en el control metabólico en pacientes diabéticos, así como los factores de riesgo asociados a ello en la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, que midió la prevalencia del no control metabólico en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, del programa de promoción y prevención de riesgo cardiovascular en una empresa promotora de salud de Bucaramanga; el no control metabólico se midió a través de la hemoglobina glicosilada (mayor de 7.0%). se estimaron los efectos de las variables evaluadas (personales, clínicas y de percepción de la atención) por medio de razones de prevalencia (RP) y un modelo multivariable. Resultados: se incluyeron 484 pacientes, de los cuales 407 tuvieron registro de Hba1c durante los tres meses previos al estudio. la prevalencia del no control metabólico fue de 65%. las variables asociadas con este desenlace con p < de 0.05, fueron: antecedente de dislipidemia: RP 1,14 (IC 1.00-1.32), no adherencia a los fármacos: RP 1.6 (IC 1.01-1.34), tener entre 50 y 65 años: RP 1,16 (IC 1.01-1.34), consumir más de seis tabletas de medicamentos al día: RP 1.22 (IC 1.06-1.41), estar desempleado: RP 1.38 (IC 1.09-1.76), asistir acompañado a veces a la consulta: RP 1.29 (IC 1.08-1.53), uso de fármacos para gastritis: RP 1.24 (IC 95% 1.07-1.42), diabetes de más de 10 años de duración: RP 1.35 (IC 95% 1.08-1.42), más de dos tabletas de hipoglicemiantes al día: RP 1.29 (IC 1.12-1.48), y uso de insulina: RP 1.29 (IC 95% 1.12-1.47). Las variables o factores que se incluyeron en el modelo multivariable final fueron: uso inadecuado de fármacos, uso fármacos para la gastritis, uso de insulina, diabetes de más de diez años de duración y no cumplimiento de la dieta. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta proporción de pacientes diabéticos con falta de control metabólico, asociado a factores relacionados con la enfermedad como duración de la diabetes, fármacos, dieta e insulina. Otros factores de carácter personal fueron: bajo apoyo familiar, falta de soporte económico y estar desempleado. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 213-221).

Background: the prevalence of failure in the metabolic control in diabetic patients and the risk factors associated with it in the city of Bucaramanga are not known. Material and Methods: cross- sectional analytical study which measured the prevalence of no metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients, from the promotion and prevention of cardiovascular risk program in a Health Promoting Company in Bucaramanga. The no metabolic control was measured by glycosylated hemoglobin (greater than 7.0 %). the effects of the assessed variables (personal, clinical and perception of care) were estimated through prevalence ratios (PR) and a multivariate model. Results: 484 patients were included, of whom 407 had Hba1c record during the 3 months preceding the survey. the prevalence of no metabolic control was 65%. the variables associated with this outcome with p < 0.05 were: history of dyslipidemia: Pr 1.14 (Ci 1.00-1.32), non-adherence to medication: Pr 1.6 (Ci 1.01-1.34), having between 50 and 65 years: RP 1.16 (Ci 1.01-1.34), consuming more than six medication tablets daily : RP 1.22 (Ci 1.06-1.41), being unemployed: PR 1.38 (CI 1.09-1.76), assist sometimes accompanied to the medical consultation: PR 1.29 (CI 1.08-1.53), use of drugs for gastritis: Pr 1.24 (95% CI 1.07-1.42), more than 10 years' duration of diabetes: PR 1.35 (95% 1.08-1.42), more than two tablets daily of hypoglycemic drugs: PR 1.29 (CI 1.12-1.48), and use of insulin: PR 1.29 (95% CI 1.12-1.47). The variables or factors that were included in the final multivariate model were: inappropriate use of drugs, use of drugs for gastritis, insulin use, duration of diabetes for more than ten years and non-dietary compliance. Conclusions: we found a high proportion of diabetic patients with poor metabolic control associated with disease-related factors such as duration of diabetes, drugs, diet and insulin. Other personal factors were: low family support, lack of financial support and being unemployed. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 213-221).

Fatores associados à anemia em lactentes nascidos a termo e sem baixo peso / Anemia-associated factors in infants born at term with normal weight

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores envolvidos na gênese da anemia ferropriva em lactentes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram avaliadas 104 crianças no segundo ano de vida, que nasceram a termo e sem baixo peso, no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foi aplicada entrevista aos pais, realizado recordatório 24 horas e avaliação antropométrica. Os exames laboratoriais foram eritrograma, ferritina e retinol sérico. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética com seres humanos da UFMG e UFV. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas no Epi Info e SPSS. O Modelo de Regressão Linear generalizado de Poisson, com resultados expressos como razões de prevalências, foi utilizado para verificar a associação da anemia com as variáveis do estudo. RESULTADOS: A deficiência de vitamina A e a anemia estiveram presentes em 9,6 por cento e 26 por cento das crianças, respectivamente. A anemia dos lactentes se associou ao uso de composto ferroso no pós-parto pela mãe, uso anterior de composto ferroso pela criança, início do pré-natal, tempo de aleitamento materno predominante e condição de trabalho do pai. Assim, no segundo ano de vida, os lactentes filhos de mulheres que iniciaram o pré-natal tardiamente e não usaram o composto ferroso após o parto, com pais em situação de desemprego, que nunca receberam composto ferroso e que mantiveram o aleitamento materno predominante por mais de quatro meses, apresentaram significantemente maior prevalência de anemia. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram a importância da nutrição durante a gestação e durante a infância na prevenção da anemia em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors involved in the genesis of infant iron deficiency anemia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, which evaluated 104 children in their second year of life who were born at term with adequate weight in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An interview, a 24-hour recall to parents, and anthropometric assessment were used. Laboratory exams included blood count, ferritin, and serum retinol. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of UFMG and UFV. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Epi Info and SPSS softwares. Poisson generalized linear regression model was used to determine the association of anemia with the study variables, with results expressed as prevalence ratio. RESULTS: Vitamin A deficiency and anemia were identified in 9.6 percent e 26 percent of the children, respectively. Infant anemia was associated with the date of onset of prenatal care, maternal use of iron after childbirth, paternal working status, prior use of iron by the child, and duration of breastfeeding. Thus, in the second year of life, lactating children of women who began prenatal care late and did not use iron compounds after birth, with unemployed parents, who never received iron compounds, and who were predominantly breastfed for more than four months had significantly higher prevalence of anemia. CONCLUSION: The results have demonstrated the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and infancy in the prevention of anemia in children.

Risk factors for oral candidiasis in Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients

Aim: The goals of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of oral candidiasis (OC) in a sample of Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients, and 2) to investigate the risk factors for HIVassociated OC in this sample. Methods: This case-control study included 112 HIV-infected patients treated between 2002 and 2004 at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Data were collected from medical records and clinical examinations. Diagnosis of OC was performed in accordance with the International Classification System and cytological features. Seventeen clinical and laboratorial variables were registered. Univariate analyses were performed on all variables. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to develop a model and identify the set of variables that may predict risk factors in HIV-infected adult patients with OC. Results: Prevalence of OC was 31.3%. OC was associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) [p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 10.2 (95%CI: 4.0-26.0)], previous use of fluconazole [p<0.001; OR=27.4 (95%CI: 8.1-92.0)] and viral load [p=0.042; OR=2.3 (95%CI: 1.0-5.3)]. Conclusions: These results are important for the development of strategies to eliminate these risk factors and significantly reduce OC in HIV-infected patients.

Using log-binomial model for estimating the prevalence ratio / 中华流行病学杂志

[Introduction] To estimate the prevalence ratios, using a log-binomial model with or without continuous covariates. Prevalence ratios for individuals' attitude towards smoking-ban legislation associated with smoking status, estimated by using a log-binomial model were compared with odds ratios estimated by logistic regression model. In the log-binomial modeling, maximum likelihood method was used when there were no continuous covariates and COPY approach was used if the model did not converge, for example due to the existence of continuous covariates. We examined the association between individuals' attitude towards smoking-ban legislation and smoking status in men and women. Prevalence ratio and odds ratio estimation provided similar results for the association in women since smoking was not common. In men however, the odds ratio estimates were markedly larger than the prevalence ratios due to a higher prevalence of outcome. The log-binomial model did not converge when age was included as a continuous covariate and COPY method was used to deal with the situation. All analysis was performed by SAS. Prevalence ratio seemed to better measure the association than odds ratio when prevalence is high. SAS programs were provided to calculate the prevalence ratios with or without continuous covariates in the log-binomial regression analysis.

Métodos para estimar razão de prevalência em estudos de corte transversal / Métodos para estimar razón de prevalencia en estudios de cohorte transversal / Methods for estimating prevalence ratios in cross-sectional studies

OBJETIVO: Comparar empiricamente as regressões de Cox, log-binomial, Poisson e logística para estimar razões de prevalência em estudos de corte transversal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados de um estudo epidemiológico transversal (n=2.072), de base populacional, realizado com idosos na cidade de São Paulo (SP), entre maio de 2003 e abril de 2005. Diagnósticos de demência, possíveis casos de transtorno mental comum e autopercepção de saúde ruim foram escolhidos como desfechos com prevalência baixa, intermediária e alta, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas variáveis de confusão com duas ou mais categorias ou valores contínuos. Valores de referência para estimativas por ponto e por intervalo para as razões de prevalência (RP) foram obtidos pelo método de estratificação de Mantel-Haenszel. Estimativas ajustadas foram calculadas utilizando regressões de Cox e Poisson com variância robusta, e regressão log-binomial. Odds ratios (OR) brutos e ajustados foram obtidos pela regressão logística. RESULTADOS: As estimativas por ponto e por intervalo obtidas pelas regressões de Cox e Poisson foram semelhantes à obtida pela estratificação de Mantel-Haenszel, independentemente da prevalência do desfecho e das covariáveis do modelo. O modelo log-binomial apresentou dificuldade de convergência quando o desfecho tinha prevalência alta e havia covariável contínua no modelo. A regressão logística produziu estimativas por ponto e por intervalo maiores do que as obtidas pelos outros métodos, principalmente para os desfechos com maiores prevalências iniciais. Se interpretados como estimativas de RP, os OR superestimariam as associações para os desfechos com prevalência inicial baixa, intermediária e alta em 13 por cento, quase 100 por cento e quatro vezes mais, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Em análise de dados de estudos de corte transversal, os modelos de Cox e Poisson com variância robusta são melhores alternativas que a regressão logística. O modelo de regressão log-binomial produz e...

Clinical Features and Related Factors of Somatoform Disorders in General Hospital Wards / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, clinical characters and related factors of somatoform disorder in general hospital ward. Methods:By the SD criterion of ICD-10 and the Questionnaire for Inpatients we screened the somatoform disorder patients in general hospital wards, and compared psychosomatic symptoms of the SD patients and the patients with physical disease by SCL-90 scale.Results:42 inpatients were diagnosed as SD among 1012 inpatients. The most common somatic symptoms of SD included chronic pain, gastrointestinal and parasympathetic symptoms. SD inpatients were younger than body disease inpatients(t=2.32,P